construction elements: floors
Pavimentos
O pavimento deve ser sempre adequado ao tipo de utilização para o qual é projectado para que possa dar uma resposta adequada às solicitações, nomeadamente quanto às cargas a que está sujeito e ao desgaste próprio da sua utilização.
Lajes em contacto com o solo
Uma laje ao nível do solo está sujeita a acções diferentes de uma laje intermédia numa construção ou até mesmo de uma laje de cobertura – os cuidados a ter com estes serão por isso diferentes.
Desde logo, as cargas estruturais a que estará sujeito serão menores uma vez que estas não serão descarregues na estrutura mas sim directamente no solo. Por outro lado é necessário ter um cuidado especial relativamente ao isolamento térmico e à impermeabilização.
O isolamento térmico destes pavimentos é igualmente importante. Uma vez que é parte da envolvente construída do edifício, deve estar devidamente isolado para minimizar as trocas térmicas do edifício em contacto com o solo, tornando assim o interior mais confortável.
Por estar em contacto com o solo, está particularmente sujeito à água presente no terreno, requerendo por isso a existência de elementos que façam a drenagem das águas e elementos que o impermeabilizem, impedindo o contacto entre a laje de pavimento e a humidade presente no terreno.
Lajes intermédias
As lajes intermédias fazem a divisão em altura dos pisos, suportando as suas cargas inerentes. Existem inúmeras soluções construtivas para estes elementos, bem como para os seus revestimentos, que irão proteger o suporte e contribuir para o conforto interior.
Num edifício, as suas exigências serão diferentes em relação às referidas para os pavimentos ao nível do solo e para as lajes de cobertura – as exigências de impermeabilização e de isolamento térmico não serão tão grandes como naqueles casos mas podem ser incorporados como complemento. Podem ainda possuir isolamento acústico, sistemas de aquecimento, entre outros.
Os pontos de ligação entre a laje e as paredes são extremamente importantes dado que podem originar pontes térmicas que irão comprometer o conforto no interior, e comprometer a durabilidade dos elementos. Assim, é conveniente que estes elementos estejam correctamente isolados pelo exterior – o que será mais simples e eficiente no caso das paredes simples com isolamento térmico pelo exterior, ao contrário de uma parede dupla.
Laje de cobertura
As coberturas são elementos que, devido à sua posição na construção, estão particularmente sujeitas às acções do vento, presença de água e radiação solar directa. Assim, é fundamental que estas se encontrem devidamente impermeabilizadas e termicamente isoladas. Deste modo, as grandes variações térmicas serão minimizadas, contribuindo assim para o aumento do conforto no interior.
Tratando-se de uma cobertura plana, e dependendo do tipo de utilização (não acessível, acessível a pessoas, acessível a veículos, verde), assim deverá ser seleccionado o tipo de revestimento, não esquecendo a sua impermeabilização e drenagens para que sejam garantidas todas as exigências funcionais.
Fonte Ecocasa







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