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bioclimatic architecture: passive cooling

Estratégias de aquecimento passivo

As estratégias de aquecimento passivo vão utilizar a energia solar para fazer o aquecimento da habitação, contribuindo para o conforto interior, sem recorrer a sistemas activos de climatização [com consequente consumo de energia, aumento da factura energética e aumento das emissões de gases de efeito de estufa].

Estas estratégias devem ser desenvolvidas tendo em conta a orientação solar, o correcto dimensionamento dos vãos e o tipo de actividade a desenvolver em cada divisão da casa. Podem combinar diferentes tipos de aproveitamento da energia – ganhos directos e/ou indirectos.

Nos ganhos directos, como a própria designação indica, é feito o aproveitamento da radiação solar directa sobre vãos, maximizando assim os ganhos térmicos para o aquecimento do interior.

Nos ganhos indirectos, o aquecimento do interior da habitação é feito de modo mais lento. Exemplos deste modo de aproveitamento da energia são as paredes de trombe – parede maciça que absorve a energia solar que nela incida ao longo do dia, armazenando-a e irradiando calor para o interior da habitação no período da noite.

As estufas também constituem um meio para controlar o conforto no interior da habitação, uma vez que atenuam as trocas térmicas entre o exterior e interior.

Estratégias de arrefecimento passivo

À semelhança do referido para as estratégias de aquecimento passivo, também as estratégias de arrefecimento passivo não recorrem a meios activos de climatização [com consumo de energia] para alcançar o conforto no interior.

A orientação solar é também aqui um factor determinante para o desenvolvimento destas estratégias que se baseiam principalmente na ventilação natural e no controle da radiação solar directa das superfícies envidraçadas [quer sejam com recurso a elementos fixos – palas, por exemplo – ou dispositivos móveis – de que são exemplo os estores], embora existam outros meios passivos de fazer o arrefecimento.

A ventilação natural acontece quando se verificam diferenças de pressão atmosférica entre o interior e o exterior, ou seja, o ar frio é mais pesado tem tendência para baixar, enquanto o ar quente, por ser mais leve tem tendência para subir, provocando assim a renovação do ar entre o interior e o exterior.

O arrefecimento passivo pode ainda ser feito por outros meios de que são exemplo o arrefecimento pelo solo, arrefecimento evaporativo e arrefecimento radiativo.

Existem ainda outros aspectos que irão influenciar o arrefecimento natural como por exemplo a desempenho energético dos caixilhos, bem como o tipo de vidro existente, o tipo e utilização de protecção dos vãos, a existência de vegetação, a presença de água, a utilização de cores claras nas superfícies [por absorverem menos radiação].

Fonte Ecocasa

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